Simplify Compiler CI jobs

[justsmth]

Description of changes:

Simplify CI for testing various compilers by using prepared Docker images for each

Call-outs:

• The FIPS build appears to be failing with Clang 20/21.
• Clang 20/21 warn when both -S and -c are used together as options to the compiler.
• GCC 16 and Clang 21 are not yet released, but thought it would be useful to proactively build against them in our CI.

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license and the ISC license.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 78.88%. Comparing base (724a640) to head (56451be).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2430      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   78.88%   78.88%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         621      621              
  Lines      108597   108597              
  Branches    15413    15413              
==========================================
- Hits        85665    85664       -1     
  Misses      22261    22261              
- Partials      671      672       +1     

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