chore: upgrade Go version from 1.23 to 1.24

[rchojn]

Description

Upgrade Go version from 1.23 to 1.24 to use the latest stable Go release.

🎟 Issue(s)

Related #1705

🧪 Functional Testing

• Ran make lint - passes without errors
• Ran make test - all tests pass
• Verified golangci-lint works with Go 1.24.1

📸 Screenshots

Add screenshots to illustrate the validity of these changes.

📋 Checklist

• Rebased from the main (or release if patching) branch (before testing)
• Ran make test before taking out of draft
• Ran make lint before taking out of draft
• Added/updated applicable tests
• Tested against Astro-API (if necessary).
• Tested against Houston-API and Astronomer (if necessary).
• Communicated to/tagged owners of respective clients potentially impacted by these changes.
• Updated any related documentation

[AmFlint]

Tested locally, code compiles successully, however, I see there's another place in the config.yml (integration-test job, line 117, which manually installs golang version 1.23.4):

integration-test:
    description: "Run integration tests"
    steps:
      - checkout
      - run:
          name: Install Go
          command: |
            set -e
            cd /tmp
            curl -Lo go.tar.gz https://go.dev/dl/go1.23.4.linux-amd64.tar.gz
            sudo rm -rf /usr/local/go
            sudo tar -C /usr/local -xvf go.tar.gz
            GOROOT=/usr/local/go go version
            echo 'export GOROOT=/usr/local/go' >> $BASH_ENV

Can you update this place as well please ?

[rchojn]

@AmFlint done