feat: add river-water and sea-water sourced heat pumps

[amos-schledorn]

Closes # (if applicable).

Changes proposed in this Pull Request

This PR adds potential river-water and sea-water sourced heat pumps based on the implementations by @MajaHIC, @juboerms and @felix-land:

• retrieval of HERA data for river discharge and ambient temperature
• retrieval of Copernicus data for seawater temperatures
• Computation of river-water heat potentials per onshore region (approximation of river water temperature from ambient temperature based on Triebs & Tsatsaronis 2022
• Mapping of seawater temperatures to onshore regions
• Spatial limitation of river-water and sea-water heat to district heating areas (Manz et al. 2024)
• For both river water and sea water, DEA's excess-heat-sourced heat pumps are assumed for cost data - improvement to be tracked in separate issue
• Added interactive plotting of heat source maps for air, river water and sea water (temperature and, where available energy)
• Added interactive plotting of COPs
• Optional interactive plotting of bus balances, s.t. matching string pattern (plotting:interactive_bus_balance:bus_name_pattern), defaults to None

Open TODOs

• Introduce lower temperature threshold for sea water utilisation
• Add Copernicus data to bundle
• Add copyright notice for Copernicus data
• Update data retrieval
• Add plotting procedure for heat potentials
• Final sanity checks

Checklist

• I tested my contribution locally and it works as intended.
• Code and workflow changes are sufficiently documented.
• Changed dependencies are added to envs/environment.yaml.
• Changes in configuration options are added in config/config.default.yaml.
• Changes in configuration options are documented in doc/configtables/*.csv.
• Sources of newly added data are documented in doc/data_sources.rst.
• A release note doc/release_notes.rst is added.

To be tracked in separate issues

• Scaling of heat pump investment costs: Change scaling of heat pump investment costs to electric capacity #1705
• Restriction of sea-water heat usage: Restrict sea-water heat pump energy output #1706
• Sanitisation of dh_area buffering: Generalise and sanitise dh_area buffering #1821

Testing

Note: I've made these test runs with sea-water heat pump investment costs set to those of air-sourced heat pumps (fixed now but the results have not been re-computed).

Test config

scenario:
  clusters:
  - 30 # number of clusters

clustering:
  resolution_sector: 5h

sector:
  heat_pump_sources:
      urban central:
      - air
      - sea_water
      - river_water
      - geothermal

plotting:
  heat_source_map:
    enable: true

countries: ['DE', 'DK', 'AT']

electricity:
  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]

Results

District heat balances

Sea-water heat pumps are built extensively, river-water heat pumps only sparingly. This is expected, due to unlimited sea-water use and river-water heat pump investment costs likely being overestimated.

Example of COP plot

Example of heat source plot

(river water temperature)