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JAC, the Jena Atomic Calculator, provides an open-source Julia package for doing atomic computations of various kind and complexity. In particular, JAC is a (relativistic) electronic structure code for the computation of (atomic many-electron) interaction amplitudes, properties as well as a good number of excitation and decay processes for open-shell atoms and ions across the whole periodic table. In recent years, moreover, emphasis has been placed support atomic cascade computations in different physical contexts as well as symbolic analysis (simplifications) of expressions from Racah's algebra. Some further work is done (or planned) to incorporate central features for studying atomic -- strong-field -- responses to external fields and particles, or the time-evolution of atoms and ions in the framework of (time-dependent) density matrix and Liouville equations.
A primary guiding philosophy of JAC was to develop a general and easy-to-use toolbox for the atomic physics community, including an interface that is equally accessible for scientists working in astro and plasma physics, atomic spectroscopy, theoretical physics as well as for code developers. Beside of its simple use, however, we wish to provide and support a modern code design, a reasonable detailed documentation of the code and features for integrated testing. Indeed, the JAC toolbox facilitates many typical computations and the handling of atomic data by providing input interfaces similar to what one uses in a in spoken or written language. Shortly speaking, JAC aims to provide a powerful platform for daily use and to extent atomic theory towards new applications or, eventually, a community platform for Just Atomic Computations.
Remark: Although major efforts have been undertaken during the past eight years, JAC is still in an early state of development and includes features that have been implemented only partly or which are not yet tested well. JAC is an open-source physics code (in its original sense) for which, despite of possible failures and deficiencies, we kindly ask potential users and developers for response, support and encouragement.
In some more detail, JAC distinguishes and aims to support different kinds of computations which can be summarized as follows:
- Atomic computations, based on explicitly specified electron configurations: This kind refers to the frequently applied computation of level energies and atomic state representations. It also supports the computation of either (one or) several atomic properties for selected atomic levels from a given multiplet or of one selected process at a time, if atomic levels from two or more multiplets and/or charge states are involved in some atomic transition, such as the photo or autoionization of atoms.
- Atomic representations: This kind concerns the generation of different representations of atomic wave functions; in particular, it includes systematically-enlarged restricted active-space (RAS) computations of atomic states and level energies due to a pre-specified active space of orbitals as well as due to the (number and/or kind of) virtual excitations to be taken to be into account. Such RAS computations are normally performed stepwise by making use of the (one-electron) orbital functions from some prior step. Other atomic representations refer to approximate atomic Green functions and, in the future, could be combined with concepts from close-coupling, (exterior) complex scaling, DMRG or perturbation theory.
- Interactive computations: In practice, the (large set of) methods of the JAC toolbox can always be applied also interactively, either directly at Julia's REPL or by using some -- more or less -- short Julia scripts in order to compute and evaluate the desired observables (atomic parameters), such as energies, expansion coefficients, transition matrices and amplitudes, rates, cross sections, etc. An interactive computation typically first prepares and applies (certain instances of) JAC’s data types, such as orbitals, configuration-state functions (CSF), atomic bases, levels, multiplets, and others. And like Julia, that is built upon many (high-level) functions and methods, JAC then provides the required language elements for performing specific atomic computations at different degree of complexity and sophistication.
- Atomic cascade computations: An atomic cascade typically includes ions (of one element) in three or more different charge states. These charge states are connected to each other by different atomic processes, such as photo ionization, radiative and dielectronic recombination, Auger decay, the photo excitation and emission, or various others. In practice, moreover, the relative level population of these charge states is usually determined by the specific set-up and geometry of the considered experiment. These cascade computations are usually based on some predefined (cascade) approach that enables one to automatically select the state-space of the ions, to choose the atomic processes to be considered for the various steps of the cascade, and to specify perhaps additional limitations in order to keep the computations feasible. In addition, these cascade computations are generally divided into two parts, the (cascade) computation for determining all necessary many-electron amplitudes and the (so-called) simulations to combine the amplitudes due to the experimental scenario of interest.
- Empirical computations: Not all atomic properties and processes, such as the -- single and multiple -- electron-impact ionization, stopping powers or tunnel ionization rates, can be efficiently described by ab-initio many-body techniques. If needed, they are often easier computed by using empirical formulas and models. A number of empirical computations are now supported to deal with such models; are often based on simple electronic structure calculations, together with empirically obtained parameters. These computations are only implemented when data are needed but no ab-initio computations of the involved processes appears to be feasible.
- Plasma computations: The notion of atoms and ions in plasma has been frequently applied to analyze the behaviour of plasma in situations where the level structure and effective single-electron states remain partly intact. Useful plasma computations refer to shifted photo lines, ionic mixtures in local and non-local thermodynamic equilibria, or applications of the average-atom model.
- Symbolic evaluation of expressions from Racah's algebra: This kind refers to the algebraic transformation and simplification of (Racah) expressions, which may generally include any number of Wigner n-j symbols of different kind as well as (various integrals over) the spherical harmonics, the Wigner rotation matrices and the Kronecker and triangular deltas. Of course, the complexity of such Racah expressions increases very rapidly as more Wigner symbols are involved. A symbolic evaluation of these expressions is naturally based on the knowledge of a large set of special values, orthogonality relations and sum rules that may include rules with a (multiple) summation over dummy indices, cf. the monography by Varshalovich et al (1988).
Several other different kinds of computations have been prepared and will support the applications of the JAC toolbox but come with a rather limited implementation so far.
- Atomic responses: With this kind, we partly support computations in intense laser field; they also help analyze the response of atoms to incident beams of light pulses and particles, such as field-induced ionization processes, high-harmonic generation and several others. For these responses, the detailed structure of atoms and ions has not been considered much until today. A partial-wave formulation of these strong-field processes enables one to clearly distinguish between contributions due to the atomic target, the Volkov states, or the shape and phase of the incident light.
- Atomic time-evolution of statistical tensors: We here wish to simulate the population and coherences of (atomic) levels using the Liouville equation, when atoms and ions are irradiated by (intense) light pulses. For these computations, however, we shall assume always that the level structure of the atoms is kept intact. Further (decay) processes of the excited atoms and ions can be taken into account by some loss rate, but without that the atoms can leave the pre-specified space of sublevels. In particular, we here plan to consider the interaction of atoms and ions with pulses of different shape, polarization strength and duration.
In Julia, you can install the JenaAtomicCalculator package like any other package by by just typing
using JenaAtomicCalculator
!!! @info "Info" We suggest to use JenaAtomicCalculator with the Julia v1.10.
Although JAC has been designed for all atoms and ions across the periodic table, a number of limitations occur:
- All self-consistent-field computations are based so far on a local potential (e.g. core-Hartree, Kohn-Sham, Dirac-Hartree-Slater, ...) that can be controlled by the user.
- Until the present, no serious optimization has been done for the code; this restricts most computations to CSF expansion with several hundred CSF.
- All continuum orbitals are generated in a local potential (Dirac-Hartree-Slater or others, as above) of the ionic core, and without the explicit treatment of the exchange interaction.