UnsafePointer.swift

//===--- UnsafePointer.swift ----------------------------------*- swift -*-===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2024 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// A pointer for accessing data of a specific type.
///
/// You use instances of the `UnsafePointer` type to access data of a
/// specific type in memory. The type of data that a pointer can access is the
/// pointer's `Pointee` type. `UnsafePointer` provides no automated
/// memory management or alignment guarantees. You are responsible for
/// handling the life cycle of any memory you work with through unsafe
/// pointers to avoid leaks or undefined behavior.
///
/// Memory that you manually manage can be either *untyped* or *bound* to a
/// specific type. You use the `UnsafePointer` type to access and
/// manage memory that has been bound to a specific type.
///
/// Understanding a Pointer's Memory State
/// ======================================
///
/// The memory referenced by an `UnsafePointer` instance can be in
/// one of several states. Many pointer operations must only be applied to
/// pointers with memory in a specific state---you must keep track of the
/// state of the memory you are working with and understand the changes to
/// that state that different operations perform. Memory can be untyped and
/// uninitialized, bound to a type and uninitialized, or bound to a type and
/// initialized to a value. Finally, memory that was allocated previously may
/// have been deallocated, leaving existing pointers referencing unallocated
/// memory.
///
/// Uninitialized Memory
/// --------------------
///
/// Memory that has just been allocated through a typed pointer or has been
/// deinitialized is in an *uninitialized* state. Uninitialized memory must be
/// initialized before it can be accessed for reading.
///
/// Initialized Memory
/// ------------------
///
/// *Initialized* memory has a value that can be read using a pointer's
/// `pointee` property or through subscript notation. In the following
/// example, `ptr` is a pointer to memory initialized with a value of `23`:
///
///     let ptr: UnsafePointer<Int> = ...
///     // ptr.pointee == 23
///     // ptr[0] == 23
///
/// Accessing a Pointer's Memory as a Different Type
/// ================================================
///
/// When you access memory through an `UnsafePointer` instance, the
/// `Pointee` type must be consistent with the bound type of the memory. If
/// you do need to access memory that is bound to one type as a different
/// type, Swift's pointer types provide type-safe ways to temporarily or
/// permanently change the bound type of the memory, or to load typed
/// instances directly from raw memory.
///
/// An `UnsafePointer<UInt8>` instance allocated with eight bytes of
/// memory, `uint8Pointer`, will be used for the examples below.
///
///     let uint8Pointer: UnsafePointer<UInt8> = fetchEightBytes()
///
/// When you only need to temporarily access a pointer's memory as a different
/// type, use the `withMemoryRebound(to:capacity:)` method. For example, you
/// can use this method to call an API that expects a pointer to a different
/// type that is layout compatible with your pointer's `Pointee`. The following
/// code temporarily rebinds the memory that `uint8Pointer` references from
/// `UInt8` to `Int8` to call the imported C `strlen` function.
///
///     // Imported from C
///     func strlen(_ __s: UnsafePointer<Int8>!) -> UInt
///
///     let length = uint8Pointer.withMemoryRebound(to: Int8.self, capacity: 8) {
///         return strlen($0)
///     }
///     // length == 7
///
/// When you need to permanently rebind memory to a different type, first
/// obtain a raw pointer to the memory and then call the
/// `bindMemory(to:capacity:)` method on the raw pointer. The following
/// example binds the memory referenced by `uint8Pointer` to one instance of
/// the `UInt64` type:
///
///     let uint64Pointer = UnsafeRawPointer(uint8Pointer)
///                               .bindMemory(to: UInt64.self, capacity: 1)
///
/// After rebinding the memory referenced by `uint8Pointer` to `UInt64`,
/// accessing that pointer's referenced memory as a `UInt8` instance is
/// undefined.
///
///     var fullInteger = uint64Pointer.pointee          // OK
///     var firstByte = uint8Pointer.pointee             // undefined
///
/// Alternatively, you can access the same memory as a different type without
/// rebinding through untyped memory access, so long as the bound type and the
/// destination type are trivial types. Convert your pointer to an
/// `UnsafeRawPointer` instance and then use the raw pointer's
/// `load(fromByteOffset:as:)` method to read values.
///
///     let rawPointer = UnsafeRawPointer(uint64Pointer)
///     let fullInteger = rawPointer.load(as: UInt64.self)   // OK
///     let firstByte = rawPointer.load(as: UInt8.self)      // OK
///
/// Performing Typed Pointer Arithmetic
/// ===================================
///
/// Pointer arithmetic with a typed pointer is counted in strides of the
/// pointer's `Pointee` type. When you add to or subtract from an `UnsafePointer`
/// instance, the result is a new pointer of the same type, offset by that
/// number of instances of the `Pointee` type.
///
///     // 'intPointer' points to memory initialized with [10, 20, 30, 40]
///     let intPointer: UnsafePointer<Int> = ...
///
///     // Load the first value in memory
///     let x = intPointer.pointee
///     // x == 10
///
///     // Load the third value in memory
///     let offsetPointer = intPointer + 2
///     let y = offsetPointer.pointee
///     // y == 30
///
/// You can also use subscript notation to access the value in memory at a
/// specific offset.
///
///     let z = intPointer[2]
///     // z == 30
///
/// Implicit Casting and Bridging
/// =============================
///
/// When calling a function or method with an `UnsafePointer` parameter, you can pass
/// an instance of that specific pointer type, pass an instance of a
/// compatible pointer type, or use Swift's implicit bridging to pass a
/// compatible pointer.
///
/// For example, the `printInt(atAddress:)` function in the following code
/// sample expects an `UnsafePointer<Int>` instance as its first parameter:
///
///     func printInt(atAddress p: UnsafePointer<Int>) {
///         print(p.pointee)
///     }
///
/// As is typical in Swift, you can call the `printInt(atAddress:)` function
/// with an `UnsafePointer` instance. This example passes `intPointer`, a pointer to
/// an `Int` value, to `print(address:)`.
///
///     printInt(atAddress: intPointer)
///     // Prints "42"
///
/// Because a mutable typed pointer can be implicitly cast to an immutable
/// pointer with the same `Pointee` type when passed as a parameter, you can
/// also call `printInt(atAddress:)` with an `UnsafeMutablePointer` instance.
///
///     let mutableIntPointer = UnsafeMutablePointer(mutating: intPointer)
///     printInt(atAddress: mutableIntPointer)
///     // Prints "42"
///
/// Alternatively, you can use Swift's *implicit bridging* to pass a pointer to
/// an instance or to the elements of an array. The following example passes a
/// pointer to the `value` variable by using inout syntax:
///
///     var value: Int = 23
///     printInt(atAddress: &value)
///     // Prints "23"
///
/// An immutable pointer to the elements of an array is implicitly created when
/// you pass the array as an argument. This example uses implicit bridging to
/// pass a pointer to the elements of `numbers` when calling
/// `printInt(atAddress:)`.
///
///     let numbers = [5, 10, 15, 20]
///     printInt(atAddress: numbers)
///     // Prints "5"
///
/// You can also use inout syntax to pass a mutable pointer to the elements of
/// an array. Because `printInt(atAddress:)` requires an immutable pointer,
/// although this is syntactically valid, it isn't necessary.
///
///     var mutableNumbers = numbers
///     printInt(atAddress: &mutableNumbers)
///
/// No matter which way you call `printInt(atAddress:)`, Swift's type safety
/// guarantees that you can only pass a pointer to the type required by the
/// function---in this case, a pointer to an `Int`.
///
/// - Important: The pointer created through implicit bridging of an instance
///   or of an array's elements is only valid during the execution of the
///   called function. Escaping the pointer to use after the execution of the
///   function is undefined behavior. In particular, do not use implicit
///   bridging when calling an `UnsafePointer` initializer.
///
///       var number = 5
///       let numberPointer = UnsafePointer<Int>(&number)
///       // Accessing 'numberPointer' is undefined behavior.
@frozen // unsafe-performance
@unsafe
public struct UnsafePointer<Pointee: ~Copyable>: Copyable {

  /// The underlying raw (untyped) pointer.
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public let _rawValue: Builtin.RawPointer

  /// Creates an `UnsafePointer` from a builtin raw pointer.
  @_transparent
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public init(_ _rawValue: Builtin.RawPointer) {
    self._rawValue = _rawValue
  }
}

@available(*, unavailable)
extension UnsafePointer: Sendable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: _Pointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// A type that represents the distance between two pointers.
  public typealias Distance = Int
}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: Equatable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: Hashable where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  // Note: This explicit `hashValue` applies @_preInverseGenerics to emulate the
  // original (pre-6.0) compiler-synthesized version.
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public var hashValue: Int {
    unsafe _hashValue(for: self)
  }
}
@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: Comparable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: Strideable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

#if !$Embedded
@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: CustomDebugStringConvertible
where Pointee: ~Copyable {}
#endif

#if SWIFT_ENABLE_REFLECTION
@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafePointer: CustomReflectable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}
#endif

extension UnsafePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Deallocates the memory block previously allocated at this pointer.
  ///
  /// This pointer must be a pointer to the start of a previously allocated
  /// memory block. The memory must not be initialized or `Pointee` must be a
  /// trivial type.
  @inlinable
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public func deallocate() {
    // Passing zero alignment to the runtime forces "aligned
    // deallocation". Since allocation via `UnsafeMutable[Raw][Buffer]Pointer`
    // always uses the "aligned allocation" path, this ensures that the
    // runtime's allocation and deallocation paths are compatible.
    Builtin.deallocRaw(_rawValue, (-1)._builtinWordValue, (0)._builtinWordValue)
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Accesses the instance referenced by this pointer.
  ///
  /// When reading from the `pointee` property, the instance referenced by
  /// this pointer must already be initialized.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public var pointee: Pointee {
    @_transparent unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe self
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer {
  // This preserves the ABI of the original (pre-6.0) `pointee` property that
  // used to export a getter. The current one above would export a read
  // accessor, if it wasn't @_alwaysEmitIntoClient.
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @usableFromInline
  internal var pointee: Pointee {
    @_transparent unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe self
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Accesses the pointee at the specified offset from this pointer.
  ///
  /// For a pointer `p`, the memory at `p + i` must be initialized.
  ///
  /// - Parameter i: The offset from this pointer at which to access an
  ///   instance, measured in strides of the pointer's `Pointee` type.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public subscript(i: Int) -> Pointee {
    @_transparent
    unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe self + i
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer {
  // This preserves the ABI of the original (pre-6.0) subscript that used to
  // export a getter. The current one above would export a read accessor, if it
  // wasn't @_alwaysEmitIntoClient.
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @usableFromInline
  internal subscript(i: Int) -> Pointee {
    @_transparent
    unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe self + i
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Executes the given closure while temporarily binding memory to
  /// the specified number of instances of type `T`.
  ///
  /// Use this method when you have a pointer to memory bound to one type and
  /// you need to access that memory as instances of another type. Accessing
  /// memory as a type `T` requires that the memory be bound to that type. A
  /// memory location may only be bound to one type at a time, so accessing
  /// the same memory as an unrelated type without first rebinding the memory
  /// is undefined.
  ///
  /// The region of memory that starts at this pointer and covers `count`
  /// strides of `T` instances must be bound to `Pointee`.
  /// Any instance of `T` within the re-bound region may be initialized or
  /// uninitialized. Every instance of `Pointee` overlapping with a given
  /// instance of `T` should have the same initialization state (i.e.
  /// initialized or uninitialized.) Accessing a `T` whose underlying
  /// `Pointee` storage is in a mixed initialization state shall be
  /// undefined behaviour.
  ///
  /// The following example temporarily rebinds the memory of a `UInt64`
  /// pointer to `Int64`, then accesses a property on the signed integer.
  ///
  ///     let uint64Pointer: UnsafePointer<UInt64> = fetchValue()
  ///     let isNegative = uint64Pointer.withMemoryRebound(
  ///         to: Int64.self, capacity: 1
  ///     ) {
  ///         return $0.pointee < 0
  ///     }
  ///
  /// Because this pointer's memory is no longer bound to its `Pointee` type
  /// while the `body` closure executes, do not access memory using the
  /// original pointer from within `body`. Instead, use the `body` closure's
  /// pointer argument to access the values in memory as instances of type
  /// `T`.
  ///
  /// After executing `body`, this method rebinds memory back to the original
  /// `Pointee` type.
  ///
  /// - Note: Only use this method to rebind the pointer's memory to a type
  ///   that is layout compatible with the `Pointee` type. The stride of the
  ///   temporary type (`T`) may be an integer multiple or a whole fraction
  ///   of `Pointee`'s stride, for example to point to one element of
  ///   an aggregate.
  ///   To bind a region of memory to a type that does not match these
  ///   requirements, convert the pointer to a raw pointer and use the
  ///   `bindMemory(to:)` method.
  ///   If `T` and `Pointee` have different alignments, this pointer
  ///   must be aligned with the larger of the two alignments.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - type: The type to temporarily bind the memory referenced by this
  ///     pointer. The type `T` must be layout compatible
  ///     with the pointer's `Pointee` type.
  ///   - count: The number of instances of `T` in the re-bound region.
  ///   - body: A closure that takes a typed pointer to the
  ///     same memory as this pointer, only bound to type `T`. The closure's
  ///     pointer argument is valid only for the duration of the closure's
  ///     execution. If `body` has a return value, that value is also used as
  ///     the return value for the `withMemoryRebound(to:capacity:_:)` method.
  ///   - pointer: The pointer temporarily bound to `T`.
  /// - Returns: The return value, if any, of the `body` closure parameter.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public func withMemoryRebound<T: ~Copyable, E: Error, Result: ~Copyable>(
    to type: T.Type,
    capacity count: Int,
    _ body: (_ pointer: UnsafePointer<T>) throws(E) -> Result
  ) throws(E) -> Result {
    _debugPrecondition(
      _isWellAligned(for: T.self) &&
      ( count == 1 ||
        ( MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride > MemoryLayout<T>.stride
          ? MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride % MemoryLayout<T>.stride == 0
          : MemoryLayout<T>.stride % MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride == 0
        )
      ),
      "self must be a properly aligned pointer for types Pointee and T"
    )
    return try unsafe _uncheckedWithMemoryRebound(
      to: type, capacity: count, body)
  }

  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @_transparent
  internal func _uncheckedWithMemoryRebound<
    T: ~Copyable, E: Error, Result: ~Copyable
  >(
    to type: T.Type,
    capacity count: Int,
    _ body: (_ pointer: UnsafePointer<T>) throws(E) -> Result
  ) throws(E) -> Result {
    let binding = Builtin.bindMemory(_rawValue, count._builtinWordValue, T.self)
    defer { Builtin.rebindMemory(_rawValue, binding) }
    return try unsafe body(.init(_rawValue))
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer {
  // This unavailable implementation uses the expected mangled name
  // of `withMemoryRebound<T, Result>(to:capacity:_:)`, and provides
  // an entry point for any binary linked against the stdlib binary
  // for Swift 5.6 and older.
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @_silgen_name("$sSP17withMemoryRebound2to8capacity_qd_0_qd__m_Siqd_0_SPyqd__GKXEtKr0_lF")
  @usableFromInline
  internal func _legacy_se0333_withMemoryRebound<T, Result>(
    to type: T.Type,
    capacity count: Int,
    _ body: (UnsafePointer<T>) throws -> Result
  ) rethrows -> Result {
    let binding = Builtin.bindMemory(_rawValue, count._builtinWordValue, T.self)
    defer { Builtin.rebindMemory(_rawValue, binding) }
    return try unsafe body(.init(_rawValue))
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer {
  /// Obtain a pointer to the stored property referred to by a key path.
  ///
  /// If the key path represents a computed property,
  /// this function will return `nil`.
  ///
  /// - Parameter property: A `KeyPath` whose `Root` is `Pointee`.
  /// - Returns: A pointer to the stored property represented
  ///            by the key path, or `nil`.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @_transparent
  public func pointer<Property>(
    to property: KeyPath<Pointee, Property>
  ) -> UnsafePointer<Property>? {
    guard let o = property._storedInlineOffset else { return nil }
    _internalInvariant(o >= 0)
    _debugPrecondition(
      !UInt(bitPattern: self).addingReportingOverflow(UInt(bitPattern: o)).overflow,
      "Overflow in pointer arithmetic"
    )
    return unsafe .init(Builtin.gepRaw_Word(_rawValue, o._builtinWordValue))
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  @inlinable // unsafe-performance
  @_preInverseGenerics
  internal static var _max: UnsafePointer {
    return unsafe UnsafePointer(
      bitPattern: 0 as Int &- MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride
    )._unsafelyUnwrappedUnchecked
  }
}

extension UnsafePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  @safe
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public func _isWellAligned() -> Bool {
    (Int(bitPattern: self) & (MemoryLayout<Pointee>.alignment &- 1)) == 0
  }

  @safe
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  internal func _isWellAligned<T: ~Copyable>(for: T.Type) -> Bool {
    UnsafeRawPointer(_rawValue)._isWellAligned(for: T.self)
  }
}

/// A pointer for accessing and manipulating data of a
/// specific type.
///
/// You use instances of the `UnsafeMutablePointer` type to access data of a
/// specific type in memory. The type of data that a pointer can access is the
/// pointer's `Pointee` type. `UnsafeMutablePointer` provides no automated
/// memory management or alignment guarantees. You are responsible for
/// handling the life cycle of any memory you work with through unsafe
/// pointers to avoid leaks or undefined behavior.
///
/// Memory that you manually manage can be either *untyped* or *bound* to a
/// specific type. You use the `UnsafeMutablePointer` type to access and
/// manage memory that has been bound to a specific type.
///
/// Understanding a Pointer's Memory State
/// ======================================
///
/// The memory referenced by an `UnsafeMutablePointer` instance can be in
/// one of several states. Many pointer operations must only be applied to
/// pointers with memory in a specific state---you must keep track of the
/// state of the memory you are working with and understand the changes to
/// that state that different operations perform. Memory can be untyped and
/// uninitialized, bound to a type and uninitialized, or bound to a type and
/// initialized to a value. Finally, memory that was allocated previously may
/// have been deallocated, leaving existing pointers referencing unallocated
/// memory.
///
/// Uninitialized Memory
/// --------------------
///
/// Memory that has just been allocated through a typed pointer or has been
/// deinitialized is in an *uninitialized* state. Uninitialized memory must be
/// initialized before it can be accessed for reading.
///
/// You can use methods like `initialize(repeating:count:)`, `initialize(from:count:)`,
/// and `moveInitialize(from:count:)` to initialize the memory referenced by a
/// pointer with a value or series of values.
///
/// Initialized Memory
/// ------------------
///
/// *Initialized* memory has a value that can be read using a pointer's
/// `pointee` property or through subscript notation. In the following
/// example, `ptr` is a pointer to memory initialized with a value of `23`:
///
///     let ptr: UnsafeMutablePointer<Int> = ...
///     // ptr.pointee == 23
///     // ptr[0] == 23
///
/// Accessing a Pointer's Memory as a Different Type
/// ================================================
///
/// When you access memory through an `UnsafeMutablePointer` instance, the
/// `Pointee` type must be consistent with the bound type of the memory. If
/// you do need to access memory that is bound to one type as a different
/// type, Swift's pointer types provide type-safe ways to temporarily or
/// permanently change the bound type of the memory, or to load typed
/// instances directly from raw memory.
///
/// An `UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>` instance allocated with eight bytes of
/// memory, `uint8Pointer`, will be used for the examples below.
///
///     var bytes: [UInt8] = [39, 77, 111, 111, 102, 33, 39, 0]
///     let uint8Pointer = UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>.allocate(capacity: 8)
///     uint8Pointer.initialize(from: &bytes, count: 8)
///
/// When you only need to temporarily access a pointer's memory as a different
/// type, use the `withMemoryRebound(to:capacity:)` method. For example, you
/// can use this method to call an API that expects a pointer to a different
/// type that is layout compatible with your pointer's `Pointee`. The following
/// code temporarily rebinds the memory that `uint8Pointer` references from
/// `UInt8` to `Int8` to call the imported C `strlen` function.
///
///     // Imported from C
///     func strlen(_ __s: UnsafePointer<Int8>!) -> UInt
///
///     let length = uint8Pointer.withMemoryRebound(to: Int8.self, capacity: 8) {
///         return strlen($0)
///     }
///     // length == 7
///
/// When you need to permanently rebind memory to a different type, first
/// obtain a raw pointer to the memory and then call the
/// `bindMemory(to:capacity:)` method on the raw pointer. The following
/// example binds the memory referenced by `uint8Pointer` to one instance of
/// the `UInt64` type:
///
///     let uint64Pointer = UnsafeMutableRawPointer(uint8Pointer)
///                               .bindMemory(to: UInt64.self, capacity: 1)
///
/// After rebinding the memory referenced by `uint8Pointer` to `UInt64`,
/// accessing that pointer's referenced memory as a `UInt8` instance is
/// undefined.
///
///     var fullInteger = uint64Pointer.pointee          // OK
///     var firstByte = uint8Pointer.pointee             // undefined
///
/// Alternatively, you can access the same memory as a different type without
/// rebinding through untyped memory access, so long as the bound type and the
/// destination type are trivial types. Convert your pointer to an
/// `UnsafeMutableRawPointer` instance and then use the raw pointer's
/// `load(fromByteOffset:as:)` and `storeBytes(of:toByteOffset:as:)` methods
/// to read and write values.
///
///     let rawPointer = UnsafeMutableRawPointer(uint64Pointer)
///     let fullInteger = rawPointer.load(as: UInt64.self)   // OK
///     let firstByte = rawPointer.load(as: UInt8.self)      // OK
///
/// Performing Typed Pointer Arithmetic
/// ===================================
///
/// Pointer arithmetic with a typed pointer is counted in strides of the
/// pointer's `Pointee` type. When you add to or subtract from an `UnsafeMutablePointer`
/// instance, the result is a new pointer of the same type, offset by that
/// number of instances of the `Pointee` type.
///
///     // 'intPointer' points to memory initialized with [10, 20, 30, 40]
///     let intPointer: UnsafeMutablePointer<Int> = ...
///
///     // Load the first value in memory
///     let x = intPointer.pointee
///     // x == 10
///
///     // Load the third value in memory
///     let offsetPointer = intPointer + 2
///     let y = offsetPointer.pointee
///     // y == 30
///
/// You can also use subscript notation to access the value in memory at a
/// specific offset.
///
///     let z = intPointer[2]
///     // z == 30
///
/// Implicit Casting and Bridging
/// =============================
///
/// When calling a function or method with an `UnsafeMutablePointer` parameter, you can pass
/// an instance of that specific pointer type or use Swift's implicit bridging
/// to pass a compatible pointer.
///
/// For example, the `printInt(atAddress:)` function in the following code
/// sample expects an `UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>` instance as its first parameter:
///
///     func printInt(atAddress p: UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>) {
///         print(p.pointee)
///     }
///
/// As is typical in Swift, you can call the `printInt(atAddress:)` function
/// with an `UnsafeMutablePointer` instance. This example passes `intPointer`, a mutable
/// pointer to an `Int` value, to `print(address:)`.
///
///     printInt(atAddress: intPointer)
///     // Prints "42"
///
/// Alternatively, you can use Swift's *implicit bridging* to pass a pointer to
/// an instance or to the elements of an array. The following example passes a
/// pointer to the `value` variable by using inout syntax:
///
///     var value: Int = 23
///     printInt(atAddress: &value)
///     // Prints "23"
///
/// A mutable pointer to the elements of an array is implicitly created when
/// you pass the array using inout syntax. This example uses implicit bridging
/// to pass a pointer to the elements of `numbers` when calling
/// `printInt(atAddress:)`.
///
///     var numbers = [5, 10, 15, 20]
///     printInt(atAddress: &numbers)
///     // Prints "5"
///
/// No matter which way you call `printInt(atAddress:)`, Swift's type safety
/// guarantees that you can only pass a pointer to the type required by the
/// function---in this case, a pointer to an `Int`.
///
/// - Important: The pointer created through implicit bridging of an instance
///   or of an array's elements is only valid during the execution of the
///   called function. Escaping the pointer to use after the execution of the
///   function is undefined behavior. In particular, do not use implicit
///   bridging when calling an `UnsafeMutablePointer` initializer.
///
///       var number = 5
///       let numberPointer = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>(&number)
///       // Accessing 'numberPointer' is undefined behavior.
@frozen // unsafe-performance
@unsafe
public struct UnsafeMutablePointer<Pointee: ~Copyable>: Copyable {
  /// The underlying raw (untyped) pointer.
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public let _rawValue: Builtin.RawPointer

  /// Creates an `UnsafeMutablePointer` from a builtin raw pointer.
  @_transparent
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public init(_ _rawValue: Builtin.RawPointer) {
    self._rawValue = _rawValue
  }
}

@available(*, unavailable)
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: Sendable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: _Pointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// A type that represents the distance between two pointers.
  public typealias Distance = Int
}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: Equatable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: Hashable where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  // Note: This explicit `hashValue` applies @_preInverseGenerics to emulate the
  // original (pre-6.0) compiler-synthesized version.
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public var hashValue: Int {
    unsafe _hashValue(for: self)
  }
}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: Comparable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: Strideable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}

#if !$Embedded
@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: CustomDebugStringConvertible
where Pointee: ~Copyable {}
#endif

#if SWIFT_ENABLE_REFLECTION
@_preInverseGenerics
extension UnsafeMutablePointer: CustomReflectable where Pointee: ~Copyable {}
#endif

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Creates a mutable typed pointer referencing the same memory as the given
  /// immutable pointer.
  ///
  /// - Parameter other: The immutable pointer to convert.
  @_transparent
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public init(@_nonEphemeral mutating other: UnsafePointer<Pointee>) {
    self._rawValue = other._rawValue
  }

  /// Creates a mutable typed pointer referencing the same memory as the given
  /// immutable pointer.
  ///
  /// - Parameter other: The immutable pointer to convert. If `other` is `nil`,
  ///   the result is `nil`.
  @_transparent
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public init?(@_nonEphemeral mutating other: UnsafePointer<Pointee>?) {
    guard let unwrapped = unsafe other else { return nil }
    unsafe self.init(mutating: unwrapped)
  }

  /// Creates a mutable typed pointer referencing the same memory as the
  /// given mutable pointer.
  ///
  /// - Parameter other: The pointer to convert.
  @_transparent
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public init(@_nonEphemeral _ other: UnsafeMutablePointer<Pointee>) {
   self._rawValue = other._rawValue
  }

  /// Creates a mutable typed pointer referencing the same memory as the
  /// given mutable pointer.
  ///
  /// - Parameter other: The pointer to convert. If `other` is `nil`, the
  ///   result is `nil`.
  @_transparent
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public init?(@_nonEphemeral _ other: UnsafeMutablePointer<Pointee>?) {
   guard let unwrapped = unsafe other else { return nil }
   self.init(unwrapped)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Allocates uninitialized memory for the specified number of instances of
  /// type `Pointee`.
  ///
  /// The resulting pointer references a region of memory that is bound to
  /// `Pointee` and is `count * MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride` bytes in size.
  ///
  /// The following example allocates enough new memory to store four `Int`
  /// instances and then initializes that memory with the elements of a range.
  ///
  ///     let intPointer = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>.allocate(capacity: 4)
  ///     for i in 0..<4 {
  ///         (intPointer + i).initialize(to: i)
  ///     }
  ///     print(intPointer.pointee)
  ///     // Prints "0"
  ///
  /// When you allocate memory, always remember to deallocate once you're
  /// finished.
  ///
  ///     intPointer.deallocate()
  ///
  /// - Parameter count: The amount of memory to allocate, counted in instances
  ///   of `Pointee`.
  @inlinable
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @safe
  public static func allocate(
    capacity count: Int
  ) -> UnsafeMutablePointer<Pointee> {
    let size = MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride * count
    // For any alignment <= _minAllocationAlignment, force alignment = 0.
    // This forces the runtime's "aligned" allocation path so that
    // deallocation does not require the original alignment.
    //
    // The runtime guarantees:
    //
    // align == 0 || align > _minAllocationAlignment:
    //   Runtime uses "aligned allocation".
    //
    // 0 < align <= _minAllocationAlignment:
    //   Runtime may use either malloc or "aligned allocation".
    var align = Builtin.alignof(Pointee.self)
    if Int(align) <= _minAllocationAlignment() {
      align = (0)._builtinWordValue
    }
    let rawPtr = Builtin.allocRaw(size._builtinWordValue, align)
    Builtin.bindMemory(rawPtr, count._builtinWordValue, Pointee.self)
    return unsafe UnsafeMutablePointer(rawPtr)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Deallocates the memory block previously allocated at this pointer.
  ///
  /// This pointer must be a pointer to the start of a previously allocated
  /// memory block. The memory must not be initialized or `Pointee` must be a
  /// trivial type.
  @inlinable
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public func deallocate() {
    // Passing zero alignment to the runtime forces "aligned
    // deallocation". Since allocation via `UnsafeMutable[Raw][Buffer]Pointer`
    // always uses the "aligned allocation" path, this ensures that the
    // runtime's allocation and deallocation paths are compatible.
    Builtin.deallocRaw(_rawValue, (-1)._builtinWordValue, (0)._builtinWordValue)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Reads or updates the instance referenced by this pointer.
  ///
  /// When reading from the `pointee` property, the instance referenced by this
  /// pointer must already be initialized. When `pointee` is used as the left
  /// side of an assignment, the instance is updated. The instance must
  /// be initialized or this pointer's `Pointee` type must be a trivial type.
  ///
  /// Uninitialized memory cannot be initialized to a nontrivial type
  /// using `pointee`. Instead, use an initializing method, such as
  /// `initialize(to:)`.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public var pointee: Pointee {
    @_transparent unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe UnsafePointer(self)
    }
    @_transparent nonmutating unsafeMutableAddress {
      return unsafe self
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  // This preserves the ABI of the original (pre-6.0) `pointee` property that
  // used to export a getter. The current one above would export a read
  // accessor, if it wasn't @_alwaysEmitIntoClient.
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @usableFromInline
  internal var pointee: Pointee {
    @_transparent unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe UnsafePointer(self)
    }
    @_transparent nonmutating unsafeMutableAddress {
      return unsafe self
    }
  }
}


extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  /// Initializes this pointer's memory with the specified number of
  /// consecutive copies of the given value.
  ///
  /// The destination memory must be uninitialized or the pointer's `Pointee`
  /// must be a trivial type. After a call to `initialize(repeating:count:)`,
  /// the memory referenced by this pointer is initialized.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - repeatedValue: The instance to initialize this pointer's memory with.
  ///   - count: The number of consecutive copies of `newValue` to initialize.
  ///     `count` must not be negative.
  @inlinable
  public func initialize(repeating repeatedValue: Pointee, count: Int) {
    // FIXME: add tests (since the `count` has been added)
    _debugPrecondition(count >= 0,
      "UnsafeMutablePointer.initialize(repeating:count:): negative count")
    // Must not use `initializeFrom` with a `Collection` as that will introduce
    // a cycle.
    for offset in 0..<count {
      unsafe Builtin.initialize(repeatedValue, (self + offset)._rawValue)
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Initializes this pointer's memory with a single instance of the given
  /// value.
  ///
  /// The destination memory must be uninitialized or the pointer's `Pointee`
  /// must be a trivial type. After a call to `initialize(to:)`, the memory
  /// referenced by this pointer is initialized. Calling this method is roughly
  /// equivalent to calling `initialize(repeating:count:)` with a `count` of 1.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - value: The instance to initialize this pointer's pointee to.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public func initialize(to value: consuming Pointee) {
    Builtin.initialize(value, self._rawValue)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @usableFromInline
  internal func initialize(to value: Pointee) { // Note: `value` is __shared!
    Builtin.initialize(value, self._rawValue)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Retrieves and returns the referenced instance, returning the pointer's
  /// memory to an uninitialized state.
  ///
  /// Calling the `move()` method on a pointer `p` that references memory of
  /// type `T` is equivalent to the following code, aside from any cost and
  /// incidental side effects of copying and destroying the value:
  ///
  ///     let value: T = {
  ///         defer { p.deinitialize(count: 1) }
  ///         return p.pointee
  ///     }()
  ///
  /// The memory referenced by this pointer must be initialized. After calling
  /// `move()`, the memory is uninitialized.
  ///
  /// - Returns: The instance referenced by this pointer.
  @inlinable
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public func move() -> Pointee {
    return Builtin.take(_rawValue)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  /// Update this pointer's initialized memory with the specified number of
  /// consecutive copies of the given value.
  ///
  /// The region of memory starting at this pointer and covering `count`
  /// instances of the pointer's `Pointee` type must be initialized or
  /// `Pointee` must be a trivial type. After calling
  /// `update(repeating:count:)`, the region is initialized.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - repeatedValue: The value used when updating this pointer's memory.
  ///   - count: The number of consecutive elements to update.
  ///     `count` must not be negative.
  @inlinable
  @_silgen_name("$sSp6assign9repeating5countyx_SitF")
  public func update(repeating repeatedValue: Pointee, count: Int) {
    _debugPrecondition(count >= 0, "UnsafeMutablePointer.update(repeating:count:) with negative count")
    for i in 0..<count {
      unsafe self[i] = repeatedValue
    }
  }

  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @available(*, deprecated, renamed: "update(repeating:count:)")
  @_silgen_name("_swift_se0370_UnsafeMutablePointer_assign_repeating_count")
  public func assign(repeating repeatedValue: Pointee, count: Int) {
    unsafe update(repeating: repeatedValue, count: count)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  /// Update this pointer's initialized memory with the specified number of
  /// instances, copied from the given pointer's memory.
  ///
  /// The region of memory starting at this pointer and covering `count`
  /// instances of the pointer's `Pointee` type must be initialized or
  /// `Pointee` must be a trivial type. After calling
  /// `update(from:count:)`, the region is initialized.
  ///
  /// - Note: Returns without performing work if `self` and `source` are equal.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - source: A pointer to at least `count` initialized instances of type
  ///     `Pointee`. The memory regions referenced by `source` and this
  ///     pointer may overlap.
  ///   - count: The number of instances to copy from the memory referenced by
  ///     `source` to this pointer's memory. `count` must not be negative.
  @inlinable
  @_silgen_name("$sSp6assign4from5countySPyxG_SitF")
  public func update(from source: UnsafePointer<Pointee>, count: Int) {
    _debugPrecondition(
      count >= 0, "UnsafeMutablePointer.update with negative count")
    if unsafe UnsafePointer(self) < source || UnsafePointer(self) >= source + count {
      // assign forward from a disjoint or following overlapping range.
      Builtin.assignCopyArrayFrontToBack(
        Pointee.self, self._rawValue, source._rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
      // This builtin is equivalent to:
      // for i in 0..<count {
      //   self[i] = source[i]
      // }
    }
    else if unsafe UnsafePointer(self) != source {
      // assign backward from a non-following overlapping range.
      Builtin.assignCopyArrayBackToFront(
        Pointee.self, self._rawValue, source._rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
      // This builtin is equivalent to:
      // var i = count-1
      // while i >= 0 {
      //   self[i] = source[i]
      //   i -= 1
      // }
    }
  }

  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @available(*, deprecated, renamed: "update(from:count:)")
  @_silgen_name("_swift_se0370_UnsafeMutablePointer_assign_from_count")
  @unsafe
  public func assign(from source: UnsafePointer<Pointee>, count: Int) {
    unsafe update(from: source, count: count)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Moves instances from initialized source memory into the uninitialized
  /// memory referenced by this pointer, leaving the source memory
  /// uninitialized and the memory referenced by this pointer initialized.
  ///
  /// The region of memory starting at this pointer and covering `count`
  /// instances of the pointer's `Pointee` type must be uninitialized or
  /// `Pointee` must be a trivial type. After calling
  /// `moveInitialize(from:count:)`, the region is initialized and the memory
  /// region `source..<(source + count)` is uninitialized.
  ///
  /// - Note: Returns without performing work if `self` and `source` are equal.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - source: A pointer to the values to copy. The memory region
  ///     `source..<(source + count)` must be initialized. The memory regions
  ///     referenced by `source` and this pointer may overlap.
  ///   - count: The number of instances to move from `source` to this
  ///     pointer's memory. `count` must not be negative.
  @inlinable
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public func moveInitialize(
    @_nonEphemeral from source: UnsafeMutablePointer, count: Int
  ) {
    _debugPrecondition(
      count >= 0, "UnsafeMutablePointer.moveInitialize with negative count")
    if unsafe self < source || self >= source + count {
      // initialize forward from a disjoint or following overlapping range.
      Builtin.takeArrayFrontToBack(
        Pointee.self, self._rawValue, source._rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
      // This builtin is equivalent to:
      // for i in 0..<count {
      //   (self + i).initialize(to: (source + i).move())
      // }
    }
    else if unsafe self != source {
      // initialize backward from a non-following overlapping range.
      Builtin.takeArrayBackToFront(
        Pointee.self, self._rawValue, source._rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
      // This builtin is equivalent to:
      // var src = source + count
      // var dst = self + count
      // while dst != self {
      //   (--dst).initialize(to: (--src).move())
      // }
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  /// Initializes the memory referenced by this pointer with the values
  /// starting at the given pointer.
  ///
  /// The region of memory starting at this pointer and covering `count`
  /// instances of the pointer's `Pointee` type must be uninitialized or
  /// `Pointee` must be a trivial type. After calling
  /// `initialize(from:count:)`, the region is initialized.
  ///
  /// - Note: The source and destination memory regions must not overlap.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - source: A pointer to the values to copy. The memory region
  ///     `source..<(source + count)` must be initialized. The memory regions
  ///     referenced by `source` and this pointer must not overlap.
  ///   - count: The number of instances to move from `source` to this
  ///     pointer's memory. `count` must not be negative.
  @inlinable
  public func initialize(from source: UnsafePointer<Pointee>, count: Int) {
    _debugPrecondition(
      count >= 0, "UnsafeMutablePointer.initialize with negative count")
    unsafe _debugPrecondition(
      UnsafePointer(self) + count <= source ||
      source + count <= UnsafePointer(self),
      "UnsafeMutablePointer.initialize overlapping range")
    Builtin.copyArray(
      Pointee.self, self._rawValue, source._rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
    // This builtin is equivalent to:
    // for i in 0..<count {
    //   (self + i).initialize(to: source[i])
    // }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Update this pointer's initialized memory by moving the specified number
  /// of instances the source pointer's memory, leaving the source memory
  /// uninitialized.
  ///
  /// The region of memory starting at this pointer and covering `count`
  /// instances of the pointer's `Pointee` type must be initialized or
  /// `Pointee` must be a trivial type. After calling
  /// `moveUpdate(from:count:)`, the region is initialized and the memory
  /// region `source..<(source + count)` is uninitialized.
  ///
  /// - Note: The source and destination memory regions must not overlap.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - source: A pointer to the values to be moved. The memory region
  ///     `source..<(source + count)` must be initialized. The memory regions
  ///     referenced by `source` and this pointer must not overlap.
  ///   - count: The number of instances to move from `source` to this
  ///     pointer's memory. `count` must not be negative.
  @inlinable
  @_silgen_name("$sSp10moveAssign4from5countySpyxG_SitF")
  @_preInverseGenerics
  public func moveUpdate(
    @_nonEphemeral from source: UnsafeMutablePointer, count: Int
  ) {
    _debugPrecondition(
      count >= 0, "UnsafeMutablePointer.moveUpdate(from:) with negative count")
    unsafe _debugPrecondition(
      self + count <= source || source + count <= self,
      "moveUpdate overlapping range")
    Builtin.assignTakeArray(
      Pointee.self, self._rawValue, source._rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
    // These builtins are equivalent to:
    // for i in 0..<count {
    //   self[i] = (source + i).move()
    // }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @available(*, deprecated, renamed: "moveUpdate(from:count:)")
  @_silgen_name("_swift_se0370_UnsafeMutablePointer_moveAssign_from_count")
  public func moveAssign(
    @_nonEphemeral from source: UnsafeMutablePointer, count: Int
  ) {
    unsafe moveUpdate(from: source, count: count)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Deinitializes the specified number of values starting at this pointer.
  ///
  /// The region of memory starting at this pointer and covering `count`
  /// instances of the pointer's `Pointee` type must be initialized. After
  /// calling `deinitialize(count:)`, the memory is uninitialized, but still
  /// bound to the `Pointee` type.
  ///
  /// - Parameter count: The number of instances to deinitialize. `count` must
  ///   not be negative.
  /// - Returns: A raw pointer to the same address as this pointer. The memory
  ///   referenced by the returned raw pointer is still bound to `Pointee`.
  @inlinable
  @_preInverseGenerics
  @discardableResult
  public func deinitialize(count: Int) -> UnsafeMutableRawPointer {
    _debugPrecondition(count >= 0, "UnsafeMutablePointer.deinitialize with negative count")
    // Note: When count is statically known to be 1 the compiler will optimize
    // away a call to swift_arrayDestroy into the type's specific destroy.
    Builtin.destroyArray(Pointee.self, _rawValue, count._builtinWordValue)
    return UnsafeMutableRawPointer(self)
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Executes the given closure while temporarily binding memory to
  /// the specified number of instances of the given type.
  ///
  /// Use this method when you have a pointer to memory bound to one type and
  /// you need to access that memory as instances of another type. Accessing
  /// memory as a type `T` requires that the memory be bound to that type. A
  /// memory location may only be bound to one type at a time, so accessing
  /// the same memory as an unrelated type without first rebinding the memory
  /// is undefined.
  ///
  /// The region of memory that starts at this pointer and covers `count`
  /// strides of `T` instances must be bound to `Pointee`.
  /// Any instance of `T` within the re-bound region may be initialized or
  /// uninitialized. Every instance of `Pointee` overlapping with a given
  /// instance of `T` should have the same initialization state (i.e.
  /// initialized or uninitialized.) Accessing a `T` whose underlying
  /// `Pointee` storage is in a mixed initialization state shall be
  /// undefined behaviour.
  ///
  /// The following example temporarily rebinds the memory of a `UInt64`
  /// pointer to `Int64`, then modifies the signed integer.
  ///
  ///     let uint64Pointer: UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt64> = fetchValue()
  ///     uint64Pointer.withMemoryRebound(to: Int64.self, capacity: 1) {
  ///         $0.pointee.negate()
  ///     }
  ///
  /// Because this pointer's memory is no longer bound to its `Pointee` type
  /// while the `body` closure executes, do not access memory using the
  /// original pointer from within `body`. Instead, use the `body` closure's
  /// pointer argument to access the values in memory as instances of type
  /// `T`.
  ///
  /// After executing `body`, this method rebinds memory back to the original
  /// `Pointee` type.
  ///
  /// - Note: Only use this method to rebind the pointer's memory to a type
  ///   that is layout compatible with the `Pointee` type. The stride of the
  ///   temporary type (`T`) may be an integer multiple or a whole fraction
  ///   of `Pointee`'s stride, for example to point to one element of
  ///   an aggregate.
  ///   To bind a region of memory to a type that does not match these
  ///   requirements, convert the pointer to a raw pointer and use the
  ///   `bindMemory(to:)` method.
  ///   If `T` and `Pointee` have different alignments, this pointer
  ///   must be aligned with the larger of the two alignments.
  ///
  /// - Parameters:
  ///   - type: The type to temporarily bind the memory referenced by this
  ///     pointer. The type `T` must be layout compatible
  ///     with the pointer's `Pointee` type.
  ///   - count: The number of instances of `T` in the re-bound region.
  ///   - body: A closure that takes a mutable typed pointer to the
  ///     same memory as this pointer, only bound to type `T`. The closure's
  ///     pointer argument is valid only for the duration of the closure's
  ///     execution. If `body` has a return value, that value is also used as
  ///     the return value for the `withMemoryRebound(to:capacity:_:)` method.
  ///   - pointer: The pointer temporarily bound to `T`.
  /// - Returns: The return value, if any, of the `body` closure parameter.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @unsafe
  public func withMemoryRebound<T: ~Copyable, E: Error, Result: ~Copyable>(
    to type: T.Type,
    capacity count: Int,
    _ body: (_ pointer: UnsafeMutablePointer<T>) throws(E) -> Result
  ) throws(E) -> Result {
    _debugPrecondition(
      _isWellAligned(for: T.self) &&
      ( count == 1 ||
        ( MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride > MemoryLayout<T>.stride
          ? MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride % MemoryLayout<T>.stride == 0
          : MemoryLayout<T>.stride % MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride == 0
        )
      ),
      "self must be a properly aligned pointer for types Pointee and T"
    )
    let binding = Builtin.bindMemory(_rawValue, count._builtinWordValue, T.self)
    defer { Builtin.rebindMemory(_rawValue, binding) }
    return try unsafe body(.init(_rawValue))
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  // This obsolete implementation uses the expected mangled name of
  // `withMemoryRebound<T, Result>(to:capacity:_:)`, and provides an entry point
  // for any binary linked against the stdlib binary for Swift 5.6 and older.
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @_silgen_name("$sSp17withMemoryRebound2to8capacity_qd_0_qd__m_Siqd_0_Spyqd__GKXEtKr0_lF")
  @usableFromInline
  internal func _legacy_se0333_withMemoryRebound<T, Result>(
    to type: T.Type,
    capacity count: Int,
    _ body: (UnsafeMutablePointer<T>) throws -> Result
  ) rethrows -> Result {
    let binding = Builtin.bindMemory(_rawValue, count._builtinWordValue, T.self)
    defer { Builtin.rebindMemory(_rawValue, binding) }
    return try unsafe body(.init(_rawValue))
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  /// Reads or updates the pointee at the specified offset from this pointer.
  ///
  /// For a pointer `p`, the memory at `p + i` must be initialized when reading
  /// the value by using the subscript. When the subscript is used as the left
  /// side of an assignment, the memory at `p + i` is updated. The memory must
  /// be initialized or the pointer's `Pointee` type must be a trivial type.
  ///
  /// Uninitialized memory cannot be initialized to a nontrivial type
  /// using this subscript. Instead, use an initializing method, such as
  /// `initialize(to:)`.
  ///
  /// - Parameter i: The offset from this pointer at which to access an
  ///   instance, measured in strides of the pointer's `Pointee` type.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public subscript(i: Int) -> Pointee {
    @_transparent
    unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe UnsafePointer(self + i)
    }
    @_transparent
    nonmutating unsafeMutableAddress {
      return unsafe self + i
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  // This preserves the ABI of the original (pre-6.0) subscript that used to
  // export a getter. The current one above would export a read accessor, if it
  // wasn't @_alwaysEmitIntoClient.
  @_spi(SwiftStdlibLegacyABI) @available(swift, obsoleted: 1)
  @usableFromInline
  internal subscript(i: Int) -> Pointee {
    @_transparent
    unsafeAddress {
      return unsafe UnsafePointer(self + i)
    }
    @_transparent
    nonmutating unsafeMutableAddress {
      return unsafe self + i
    }
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer {
  /// Obtain a pointer to the stored property referred to by a key path.
  ///
  /// If the key path represents a computed property,
  /// this function will return `nil`.
  ///
  /// - Parameter property: A `KeyPath` whose `Root` is `Pointee`.
  /// - Returns: A pointer to the stored property represented
  ///            by the key path, or `nil`.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @_transparent
  public func pointer<Property>(
    to property: KeyPath<Pointee, Property>
  ) -> UnsafePointer<Property>? {
    guard let o = property._storedInlineOffset else { return nil }
    _internalInvariant(o >= 0)
    _debugPrecondition(
      !UInt(bitPattern: self).addingReportingOverflow(UInt(bitPattern: o)).overflow,
      "Overflow in pointer arithmetic"
    )
    return unsafe .init(Builtin.gepRaw_Word(_rawValue, o._builtinWordValue))
  }

  /// Obtain a mutable pointer to the stored property referred to by a key path.
  ///
  /// If the key path represents a computed property,
  /// this function will return `nil`.
  ///
  /// - Parameter property: A `WritableKeyPath` whose `Root` is `Pointee`.
  /// - Returns: A mutable pointer to the stored property represented
  ///            by the key path, or `nil`.
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  @_transparent
  public func pointer<Property>(
    to property: WritableKeyPath<Pointee, Property>
  ) -> UnsafeMutablePointer<Property>? {
    guard let o = property._storedInlineOffset else { return nil }
    _internalInvariant(o >= 0)
    _debugPrecondition(
      !UInt(bitPattern: self).addingReportingOverflow(UInt(bitPattern: o)).overflow,
      "Overflow in pointer arithmetic"
    )
    return unsafe .init(Builtin.gepRaw_Word(_rawValue, o._builtinWordValue))
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  @inlinable // unsafe-performance
  @_preInverseGenerics
  internal static var _max: UnsafeMutablePointer {
    return unsafe UnsafeMutablePointer(
      bitPattern: 0 as Int &- MemoryLayout<Pointee>.stride
    )._unsafelyUnwrappedUnchecked
  }
}

extension UnsafeMutablePointer where Pointee: ~Copyable {
  @safe
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  public func _isWellAligned() -> Bool {
    unsafe UnsafePointer(self)._isWellAligned()
  }

  @safe
  @_alwaysEmitIntoClient
  internal func _isWellAligned<T: ~Copyable>(for: T.Type) -> Bool {
    UnsafeRawPointer(_rawValue)._isWellAligned(for: T.self)
  }
}